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First Fitna
First major civil war within the early Muslim community over leadership of the caliphate.
Historical overview
Overview adapted from a Wikipedia summary and stored locally on May 11, 2026.
The First Fitna was the first major civil war within the Muslim community. It centered on leadership of the caliphate and ended with the rise of Umayyad power.
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Border context
633-750historical border era
Caliphate expansion
Rashidun and Umayyad conquests rapidly transform the Levant, Egypt, Persia, North Africa and Iberia.
Former Byzantine and Sasanian territories move into Islamic imperial systems. Iberia becomes a major western frontier.